"Who hardened Pharaoh’s heart?" (Alleged Contradiction #E8509)
Some verses say that God hardened Pharaoh’s heart: Exodus 4:21, Exodus 7:3-13, Exodus 9:12, Exodus 10:1-27, Exodus 11:10, and Exodus 14:4-17, for example. Others say that Pharaoh hardened his own heart: Exodus 8:15, Exodus 8:32, Exodus 9:34, and I Samuel 6:6.
So who hardened Pharaoh’s heart: God, or Pharaoh himself?
Response
God hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and Pharaoh also helped harden his own. God can often send people “strong delusion,” but this is only after a person rejects God’s Word.
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